I looked at the os-gui project and it looks like it's just some .js files and some .css files you need to include. I managed to get it working on a blank Laravel app.
The documentation is unclear but look at the index.html file in the main folder of the repo: https://github.com/1j01/os-gui. If you can get this working locally, it might make more sense to you with all the example components rendering. Clone the repo and do a npm install and then a npm run live-server.
Specifically, look at the CSS imports and the JS imports:
<link href="build/layout.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="build/windows-98.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
<link href="build/windows-default.css" rel="stylesheet" title="Windows Default" type="text/css">
<script src="demo/lib/jquery-3.3.1.js"></script>
<script src="MenuBar.js"></script>
<script src="$Window.js"></script>
<script src="parse-theme.js"></script>
<script src="demo/demo.js"></script>
In your Laravel project, make sure these files are in there, say in the public folder, and change the paths accordingly. I just tried it in the default welcome.blade.php and all the retro WIn 98 windows showed up.
To answer your other question about needing a Node server, no, you don't need a Node server running to make these components work in Laravel. It's only used for development for things like npm dependencies and getting a dev live server working. Generally speaking, you only need a Node server in production when the components have support for "server-side rendering" or SSR.