I also cannot reconcile the XDebug screenshot from my VSCode
Nor can I. I don't know your code or how these values are arrived at.
So, what can I do to make them pass without touching the code unnecessarily
If you want to compare floating point numbers, I suggest you impose some delta which determines how precise the comparison should be. You can see the delta is very very small in your case!
Nobody is arguing here, I would like to know how to move forward by understanding why XDebug is hiding the problem or anything else. Overhauling the code is the last resort.