It would seem that there is no proveedor field in the submitted data. You can temporarily dump the request payload to see what you are receiving.
public function store(Request $request)
{
dump($request->all());
$validator = Validator::make(
$request->all(),
[
]
);
// etc...
It probably is not appropriate in this case, but more generally, you can mitigate these types of errors and exceptions using the data_get() helper, which allows for setting a default value in the event that there is no key:
data_get($request->all(), 'proveedor', null);