It sounds like you should read more about Object Oriented PHP. Or, Jeffrey has some videos on it as well. As far as understanding the framework, I find that clicking through Laravel'various offerings and understanding the "container" is vital. For instance, in Phpstorm or VSCode, you can super + click on a method, class, property, etc and trace it through the framework code. Doing this will help you understand how to use them and how they are constructed.
To get some experience, offer to build a website for friends, family, etc. Try to use the entire process to get some exposure. For a simple site:
- Discovery
- Research
- Choose technologies
- Map out the site structure
- Wireframes
- Mockup
- Build it with tests
- Deliver the files
These are a few simple things you can practice while doing some free work so that you can understand what is involved. It sounds hard but really isn't. Just do what you can and each time you start a project, your processes will improve.