Hi Chris,
The best development enviroment for working with Laravel is to use Laravel Homestead which makes use of a Virtual Machine. This allows you to manage several laravel installations on a VM without installing PHP & loads of other dependencies on your local machine. The following is available out of the box:
- Ubuntu 14.04
- Git
- PHP 7.0
- HHVM
- Nginx
- MySQL
- MariaDB
- Sqlite3
- Postgres
- Composer
- Node (With PM2, Bower, Grunt, and Gulp)
- Redis
- Memcached
- Beanstalkd
Depending on which OS you are using installation isn't too difficult. Mac is easier though.
Laravel Valet was also released a few days ago. This is only available for mac users.
The above are the recommended and preferred options however you are perfectly able to use MAMP.
Laravel Forge allows you to manage a sever on either AWS, DigitalOcean or Linode. Forge will configure your server correctly to ensure you have all the necessary dependencies required to run Laravel in production. It also links up to your version control (GitHub, Bitbucket etc) and will manage deploying your app.
In response to your database question I would recommend installing whichever database engine your going to be using in production, on your development environment. This will reduce the risk of any problems in production. MariaDB is a good option.
For a painless experience with Laravel I would recommend Homestead + Forge + GitHub + DigitalOcean.