@wilfra You have to understand first the difference between JS and PHP. In a nutshell-
PHP
PHP is a backend language that helps you to do backend related task / execute code on the server accessing via database.
JS
Mostly used for the frontend side (VueJS, that you have mentioned), building the user interface, rendering data without reloading the page from the database via API.
What you can do with VueJS?
Honestly, you can do almost everything with Vuejs that's required for modern web development. However, since VueJS is considering as a frontend framework, then I would suggest you learn a backend building API, therefore you can consider yourself as a full-stack. It can be any backend language / framework, like Laravel, or NodeJs. The choice is yours.
Personal Opinion.
My personal opinion will be, whatever you choose to learn vuejs or laravel, you learn the core language first, like JS or PHP. Try to understand the base first properly, then go for a framework that will help you a lot.
For broad understanding, you better google about it.
All the best :).