Hi, we faced the same issue (about a month ago) when switching to laravel vapor.
We're still on Laravel 7.x and PHP 7.4.x running in an Alpine Linux 3.14 container, so bear in mind that this might not fix your issue. Hopefully it's of some help though (and save you some headaches).
This is our dockerfile:
# This is based on Alpine Linux 3.14
FROM laravelphp/vapor:php74
# Fixes pdf rendering for alpine 3.14
# https://github.com/docker-library/php/issues/1121 -> answer litan1106 26 jul
RUN apk add --no-cache --repository http://dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/alpine/v3.13/community/ gnu-libiconv=1.15-r3
ENV LD_PRELOAD /usr/lib/preloadable_libiconv.so php
# Make sure exif is installed and enabled for image processing
# https://github.com/docker-library/php/issues/362
RUN docker-php-ext-install exif
# Copied from base vapor Dockerfile
COPY . /var/task