You can additional fields from user table but you can't add fields from other table. You, however, can intercept the authentication process and do whatever check you want in the authenticated method in the auth controller.
AuthController.php
protected function authenticated(Request $request, $user)
{
// Once the guard authenticates your user, he will land up here
// Do whatever check you require and feel free to log him out if required
// but with proper redirection and error message
// if valid add whatever details wherever and
return redirect()->intended($this->redirectPath());
}