since you are sharing the host system folder to Homestead
so inside VM, you have no permission to override the Windows filesystem (NTFS)
if you can do that, means you run the VM as Administrators, It is very danger
you can make the symlink in Windows 10 instead of do it inside VM
in Windows can use (require Administrators to run the command)
mklink /J "D:\your-project-path\public\storage" "D:\your-project-path\storage\app\public"
Mac / Linux use
sudo ln -s "/your-project-path/public/storage" "/your-project-path/storage/app/public"
this also happened when you need to run
npm install && npm run dev
you need in Windows 10 install nodejs then run the command inside your project folder