When I launch the artisan command php artisan schedule:list I can see my schedule and the decreasing timing but when it reaches 0, nothing is executed (I do not even have a scheduler.log file in the logs).
When I manually execute the php artisan queue:work it works perfectly.
You are queueing the worker that is supposed to handle the queue.
To keep the queue:work process running permanently in the background, you should use a process monitor such as Supervisor to ensure that the queue worker does not stop running.