Are you running CentOS? Apparently they ship their cli php configured so that it can't display errors without forcing it to with a command line flag.
php -d display_errors artisan
You might want to make an alias for php that appends the display_errors flag..
in .bashrc or whereever you define your aliases;
alias phpe="php -d display_errors"
Then (after logging out and back in, or sourcing the file you just edited source .bashrc for example) you should be able to just do:
phpe artisan
and get errors displayed, or php artisan to not see errors.. if you always want to display errors, on the cli, no matter what.. just create the alias thusly:
alias php="php -d display_errors"