First, hosting has been answered hundreds of times.
Second, I have a laravel 5.5 working on godaddy.
Third you need to setup laravel correctly, use this guide:
http://novate.co.uk/deploy-laravel-5-on-shared-hosting-from-heart-internet/
And see
https://laracasts.com/discuss/channels/tips/hosting-on-shared-server-best-practice
For godaddy, get dev working and ftp up.
note
Set up correctly on dev also and before messing with production.

Following the guide that @Snapey kindly provided, I have had 0 (zero) errors on production.
And note that main laravel is above public_html
Also probably serve images from under public_html using asset helper.