I am experiencing a very strange error that is happening everywhere in my app where I return an image. When a image is being returned in browser, it looks like this white little square:

The code used to return this:
return response(File::get(public_path().'/images/my-image.png'), 200)->header('Content-Type', 'image/png');
I have ensured the image path is valid, that the image is valid (I can access it without issues if I open it directly from its public path), and checked any error logs (nginx + laravel.log).
If I die and dump the values of File::get(public_path().'/images/my-image.png') I get PNG encoded data.
If I cURL to the path, it looks like this:


It happens on both staging, production and local machine (3x local machines testet - 1 windows, 2x mac osx). It occurred suddenly - it used to work fine previously.
I am stuck with this bug. Any suggestions?
I have tried removing all vendor ServiceProviders out of desperation, but that does not change the issue