Laravel has a HTTP client that you could use:
https://laravel.com/docs/8.x/http-client
Then you could make those requests with a code similar to this:
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Http;
$url = $baseMicrosoftGraphsURL . '/me/calendarGroup/calendars/' . $calendarId;
$response = Http::get($url);
Where $baseMicrosoftGraphsURL is the base URL for the Microsoft Graphs API and $calendarId is the calendar id I guess you need to replace in the first sample URL from your post.
I also think you might need to send additional headers for authentication into the Microsoft Graphs API.
Please refer to both Microsoft Graphs API documentation and Laravel documentation on HTTP client to see how to send any needed headers, and which value you need to send to authenticate your request.
Hope it helps.