How laracasts manages badge achievements?

When I look at my profile, there are badges like: Community pillar(earned once your experience points ranks in the top 10 of all laracasts users), or another badge that says you earn it when your points passes X amount, or you watch X lessons, or etc.

Are these badges being stored in database or hardcoded? If they are in the database how they are (should be) sturctured, or stored from admin panel??

Because I have such a feature to implement, that says user can get X gift(free course, discount, etc) when he reaches X points. Or another feature that says charge wallet of X users(have X course, have X number of courses, all users) X amount (until X).

And I wonder how can I structure them in the database, and show a way of creating them in admin panel.