Laravel is a backend framework, while something like React, Vue, Angular is a frontend framework
Frontend JS framework is used to build Single-page application (SPA), if you are new you could think of it like this:
When you decide to make SPA, you are making 2 app: the backend app which live in the server, the frontend app which live in the client's browser. This way SPA can do many advanced UI interaction that was not possible before? But what is "before"? Before JS framework was born, WebApp was handled solely by the "backend" framework alone. Well they are not called backend at the time because frontend did exist yet, but you get the idea.
Laravel is one such framework. It can handle every thing on its own, or serve as an UI-less backend for a frontend framework, depend on your choice
But if you are interested in Laravel, just go with the "fullstack" option