So I'm wondering if I can put all my code in to the public folder, restrict all files using .htaccess except for the public directory, then just tweak the paths.php and index.php files?
If you have no other option at your disposal to put everything in the public folder then you can limit the access with an .htaccess file and change the paths to the laravel public folder.
Another solution, if the CP of your hosting provider supports it, to change the default document root to the public folder of laravel. So that would be like /public/laravel/public/.
if I structure my app like this:
www (public root dir)->
laravel_code->
public->
(remaining files)
To reach my home page, a visitor would need to go to www.example.com/public/. How would I change this so they simply would need to go to www.example.com?
This should redirect all the requests to the Laravel public folder. Requests to your public folder to, for example, asset files will still be accepted.