Job fails silently on exception, nothing is logged

I have a weird issue with my Laravel 10 project on Windows 11.

When a job throws an exception, Laravel just quits silently without logging anything to /storage/logs/laravel.log. It also ignores try-catch blocks and quits the execution nontheless.

It wasn't always like that. It worked in the past. But I can't remember when it stopped and what I might have changed, except from adding / removing some packages.

This problem effects only Jobs. Exceptions that may occur in Controllers are handled properly. They are either thrown or caught and are logged to the laravel.log file.

/app/Jobs/TestJob.php

<?php

namespace App\Jobs;

...

class TestJob implements ShouldQueue
{
    use Dispatchable, InteractsWithQueue, Queueable, SerializesModels;

    /**
     * Create a new job instance.
     */
    public function __construct()
    {
        //
    }

    /**
     * Execute the job.
     */
    public function handle(): void
    {
        try
        {
            echo sprintf( "%f\n", 100 / 0 );
            echo "This line is never reached.\n";
        }
        catch (\Throwable $t)
        {
            echo "There was an exception which was caught.\n";
        }
    }
}

C:\Work\MyProject>php artisan:test

Which command would you like to run?
  App\Jobs\TestJob ..................................................... 0
❯ 0

  Running [App\Jobs\TestJob]
C:\Work\MyProject>

When I create a single PHP file in the folder with the same exception and run it via php -f exception.php it works as expected:

C:\Work\MyProject>php -f .\exception.php

There was an exception which was caught.
C:\Work\MyProject>

When I use a different environment (MacOS, Ubuntu) and run the same scenario, it works as expected aswell.

user@MyMacBook MyProject % ./artisan schedule:test

  Which command would you like to run?
  App\Jobs\TestJob

  Running [App\Jobs\TestJob] There was an exception which was caught. ....................... 19ms DONE

user@MyMacBook MyProject % 

I already tried switching PHP versions. On Windows I run PHP 8.3.14. On MacOS it is 8.2.4. But without success.

What could be the issue here?