Reverb issues on deployed site

I have a single page on my site that uses Reverb. It is essentially a chat application, though framed as a collaborative poetry writing application. There are three components that use the websocket:

1. the chat window:
   • this is the section of the page that displays the messages sent to the channel. There's an input field that takes in a message, a preview of the message visible as you're typing, and then an output area on the page for the message.
2. A list of users currently connected to the channel
   • this is a simple list of users connected to the channel, showing avatars and names. It uses the same websocket as the chat window, but listens for different events (here, joining, leaving).
3. A typing indicator
   • this is an indicator that shows "[user name] is typing..." to everyone else in the channel while a user is typing. It uses the same websocket as the chat window, but fires on and listens for a whisper event (typing).

Locally, everything works just fine. The odd thing that is happening when deployed to staging is that everything is working except the real time chat messages. The list of authors is updated and functions/updates as expected, the typing indicator also functions as expected, but the chat messages are not updating in real time. They are being saved in the database, as refreshing the page on the the receiving end shows the up-to-date messages.

Some applicable code

1. The two useEffect calls connecting to Echo

    // typing indicator for other users
    useEffect(() => {
        if (lineValue.length > 0) {
            Echo.join(`corpse.${corpseCode}`).whisper('typing', {
                name: user.name,
            });
        }
    }, [lineValue, user.name, corpseCode]);

    useEffect(() => {
        // WEBSOCKET EVENTS FOR ROOM
        Echo.join(`corpse.${corpseCode}`)
            .here((users) => {
                // sets list of authors
                users.map((user) => {
                    // the here event seems to fire repeatedly
                    // so we need to check if the user is already in the list
                    if (
                        poets.length > 0 &&
                        poets?.some((poet) => poet.id === user.id)
                    ) {
                        return;
                    }

                    setPoets(users);
                });
            })
            .joining((user) => {
                // updates list of authors upon a new one joining room
                if (!poets?.some((poet) => poet.id === user.id)) {
                    setPoets([...poets, user]);
                }
            })
            .leaving((user) => {
                // removes author from list if they leave
                if (
                    poets.length > 0 &&
                    poets?.some((poet) => poet.id === user.id)
                ) {
                    const newPoets = poets.filter((poet) => {
                        return poet.id !== user.id;
                    });

                    setPoets(newPoets);
                }
            })
            .listen('CorpseUpdated', ({ corpse }) => {
                // updates the poem when a new line is added
                setLines(corpse.text ?? []);
                setTitle(corpse.title ?? '');
                setFlashActive(true);
                setIsTyping(null);

                setTimeout(() => {
                    setFlashActive(false);
                }, 1000);
            })
            .listenForWhisper('typing', ({ name }) => {
                setIsTyping(name);

                setTimeout(() => {
                    setIsTyping(false);
                }, 2000);
            })
            .error((error) => {
                console.error(error);
            });

        return () => {
            Echo.leave(`corpse.${corpseCode}`);
        };
    }, [corpseCode, poets]);

The applicable Controller method:

    public function update(Request $request, Corpse $corpse)
    {
        $request->validate([
            'text' => 'required',
        ]);

        $c = Corpse::find($corpse->id);

        $c->update([
            'title' => $request->title,
            'text' => $request->text,
        ]);

        broadcast(new CorpseUpdated($c))->toOthers();

        return to_route('corpse.show', $corpse);
    }

The CorpseUpdated broadcastOn method:

public function broadcastOn(): array
{
    return [
        new PresenceChannel('corpse.' . $this->corpse->id),
    ];
}

I have started a queue worker on the server and my .env file is set up correctly. I am at a loss as to what could be causing this issue. I have tried rebuilding my assets, etc, but that didn't help. I have also tried clearing the cache, but that didn't help either.

Any help would be greatly appreciated. Thanks!