Now, I've compared a bit Angular and Vue and found lots of similarities (even in syntax). Would I be wrong in saying that if I learn pretty well Angular I'll be easier to learn Vue afterwards?

I don't know, since I've not tried Angular yet. However, what I've heard is that Angular is difficult to learn compared to Vue.

The only way to know is to try it.

It seems to me that Vue is the lightest framework, React is a bit heavier, and Angular is the heaviest. Vue has the least amount of documentation and community, React has a bit more, and Angular has the most. The same thing goes for popularity, market demand and learning-curvature.

Perhaps the trouble might come when you want to develop on the backend with Laravel and the frontend with Angular, because that is a lot of responsibility to handle for one person. Usually these roles will be separated to dedicated developers that do one thing, and do it well. To do both is a bit less reliable.

So if you're going to develop with Laravel you might want to choose a lighter frontend framework to compliment you, rather than one that may burden and hinder you.

React seems to be the better choice as it sits in the middle ground.