Laravel will by default not protect you against anything! You can let Laravel handle the upload process and validate on file size and file extension but that's it. So if you want to make sure weird files are not being uploaded make sure you check on certain file extensions like pdf, etc.
Checking if a file is secure or not is a whole different story. Companies have been building years to build this kind of software, so just building it into a Laravel app is not just easily done (if you want to do it perfectly).
It's always wise to store uploaded files in a different location than the server itself. For example AWS S3.