There isn't one Laracasts, but there is one that is very good here.
https://planetscale.com/learn/courses/mysql-for-developers
I would also suggest giving these a read.
https://tray2.se/posts/sqlerrm - Covers the most frequent error message MySQL will give you
https://tray2.se/posts/database-design - Covers some of the methodology of what Lary mentioned
https://tray2.se/posts/database-design-part-2 - More database theory
https://tray2.se/posts/properly-formed-foreign-keys-are-your-best-friends - Foreign key indexes and their importance.
https://tray2.se/posts/use-a-view-instead-of-a-complex-eloquent-query-in-your-laravel-application - Cleaning up your Eloquent.
https://sinnbeck.dev/posts/laravel-groupby-error - Common group by error and solutions by @sinnbeck