Try my above suggestion, do a new install and migrate models, views, etc over to the new install. I have no idea why you can't upgrade. I even went from a 5.5 to a 5.8 on one of my installs.
I do not go by the "upgrade" guide, I use winmerge and completely update the app (laravel) first, then and only then do I do a composer update. Of course I check new server requirements.
I am guessing you cleared composer cache and things like that in between.
You have got to have something somewhere in a config that references a package that the installer does not like, in other words something somewhere needs to be commented out for this to work.
But honest I have never had this trouble, and I have done many upgrades.
I got this error when I tried to upgrade.
A fresh install worked and migrating all the components showed that JWT package needs some work.
I got this working and now I seem to have trouble with the throttle middleware, but I am getting there.
Even though I think it is bad to have to go that way, it helped me finding a way to fix this issue.