SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'user_id' in 'where clause'

Hi, i tried to build a login user verification and get the Exception above. I used a Turtorial with few modifications for laravel 5.3. Maybe someone can help me:)

First the stacktrace, i believe "at Builder->first() in ActivationRepository.php line 61" is the Problem.

1/2 PDOException in Connection.php line 333: SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'user_id' in 'where clause' 

in Connection.php line 333
at PDO->prepare('select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = ? limit 1') in Connection.php line 333
at Connection->Illuminate\Database{closure}(object(MySqlConnection), 'select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = ? limit 1', array('1')) in Connection.php line 763
at Connection->runQueryCallback('select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = ? limit 1', array('1'), object(Closure)) in Connection.php line 726
at Connection->run('select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = ? limit 1', array('1'), object(Closure)) in Connection.php line 351
at Connection->select('select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = ? limit 1', array('1'), true) in Builder.php line 1648
at Builder->runSelect() in Builder.php line 1634
at Builder->get(array('*')) in Builder.php line 1617

#at Builder->first() in ActivationRepository.php line 61

at ActivationRepository->getActivation(object(User)) in /var/www/html/heincloud/app/ActivationService.php line 64
at ActivationService->shouldSend(object(User)) in ActivationService.php line 26
at ActivationService->sendActivationMail(object(User)) in AuthenticatesUsers.php line 121
at LoginController->authenticated(object(Request), object(User)) in AuthenticatesUsers.php line 103
at LoginController->sendLoginResponse(object(Request)) in /var/www/html/heincloud/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Foundation/Auth/AuthenticatesUsers.php line 43
at LoginController->login(object(Request))
at call_user_func_array(array(object(LoginController), 'login'), array(object(Request))) in Controller.php line 55
at Controller->callAction('login', array(object(Request))) in ControllerDispatcher.php line 44
at ControllerDispatcher->dispatch(object(Route), object(LoginController), 'login') in Route.php line 189
at Route->runController() in Route.php line 144
at Route->run(object(Request)) in Router.php line 653
at Router->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 53
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in RedirectIfAuthenticated.php line 24
at RedirectIfAuthenticated->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in SubstituteBindings.php line 41
at SubstituteBindings->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in VerifyCsrfToken.php line 65
at VerifyCsrfToken->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in ShareErrorsFromSession.php line 49
at ShareErrorsFromSession->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in StartSession.php line 64
at StartSession->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php line 37
at AddQueuedCookiesToResponse->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in EncryptCookies.php line 59
at EncryptCookies->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 104
at Pipeline->then(object(Closure)) in Router.php line 655
at Router->runRouteWithinStack(object(Route), object(Request)) in Router.php line 629
at Router->dispatchToRoute(object(Request)) in Router.php line 607
at Router->dispatch(object(Request)) in Kernel.php line 268
at Kernel->Illuminate\Foundation\Http{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 53
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in CheckForMaintenanceMode.php line 46
at CheckForMaintenanceMode->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 104
at Pipeline->then(object(Closure)) in Kernel.php line 150
at Kernel->sendRequestThroughRouter(object(Request)) in Kernel.php line 117
at Kernel->handle(object(Request)) in index.php line 53

2/2 QueryException in Connection.php line 770: SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'user_id' in 'where clause' (SQL: select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = 1 limit 1)

in Connection.php line 770
at Connection->runQueryCallback('select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = ? limit 1', array('1'), object(Closure)) in Connection.php line 726
at Connection->run('select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = ? limit 1', array('1'), object(Closure)) in Connection.php line 351
at Connection->select('select * from `user_activations` where `user_id` = ? limit 1', array('1'), true) in Builder.php line 1648
at Builder->runSelect() in Builder.php line 1634
at Builder->get(array('*')) in Builder.php line 1617

at Builder->first() in ActivationRepository.php line 61

at ActivationRepository->getActivation(object(User)) in ActivationService.php line 64
at ActivationService->shouldSend(object(User)) in ActivationService.php line 26
at ActivationService->sendActivationMail(object(User)) in AuthenticatesUsers.php line 121
at LoginController->authenticated(object(Request), object(User)) in AuthenticatesUsers.php line 103
at LoginController->sendLoginResponse(object(Request)) in AuthenticatesUsers.php line 43
at LoginController->login(object(Request))
at call_user_func_array(array(object(LoginController), 'login'), array(object(Request))) in Controller.php line 55
at Controller->callAction('login', array(object(Request))) in ControllerDispatcher.php line 44
at ControllerDispatcher->dispatch(object(Route), object(LoginController), 'login') in Route.php line 189
at Route->runController() in Route.php line 144
at Route->run(object(Request)) in Router.php line 653
at Router->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 53
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in RedirectIfAuthenticated.php line 24
at RedirectIfAuthenticated->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in SubstituteBindings.php line 41
at SubstituteBindings->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in VerifyCsrfToken.php line 65
at VerifyCsrfToken->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in ShareErrorsFromSession.php line 49
at ShareErrorsFromSession->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in StartSession.php line 64
at StartSession->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in AddQueuedCookiesToResponse.php line 37
at AddQueuedCookiesToResponse->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in EncryptCookies.php line 59
at EncryptCookies->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 104
at Pipeline->then(object(Closure)) in Router.php line 655
at Router->runRouteWithinStack(object(Route), object(Request)) in Router.php line 629
at Router->dispatchToRoute(object(Request)) in Router.php line 607
at Router->dispatch(object(Request)) in Kernel.php line 268
at Kernel->Illuminate\Foundation\Http{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 53
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in CheckForMaintenanceMode.php line 46
at CheckForMaintenanceMode->handle(object(Request), object(Closure)) in Pipeline.php line 137
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Pipeline{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 33
at Pipeline->Illuminate\Routing{closure}(object(Request)) in Pipeline.php line 104
at Pipeline->then(object(Closure)) in Kernel.php line 150
at Kernel->sendRequestThroughRouter(object(Request)) in Kernel.php line 117
at Kernel->handle(object(Request)) in index.php line 53

The entity user_activations haves the columns

• id
• created_at
• updatet_at

Migrationfile 2017_01_08_174555_create_user_activations_table.php

<?php

use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema;
use Illuminate\Database\Schema\Blueprint;
use Illuminate\Database\Migrations\Migration;

class CreateUserActivationsTable extends Migration
{
    /**
     * Run the migrations.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function up()
    {
        Schema::create('user_activations', function (Blueprint $table) {
            $table->integer('user_id')->unsigned();
            $table->string('token')->index();
            $table->timestamp('created_at');
        });
    }

    /**
     * Reverse the migrations.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function down()
    {
        Schema::dropIfExists('user_activations');
                
        Schema::table('users', function (Blueprint $table) {
        $table->boolean('activated')->default(false);
        });
    }
}

ActivationRepository.php

<?php
namespace App;


use Carbon\Carbon;
use Illuminate\Database\Connection;

class ActivationRepository
{

    protected $db;

    protected $table = 'user_activations';

    public function __construct(Connection $db)
    {
        $this->db = $db;
    }

    protected function getToken()
    {
        return hash_hmac('sha256', str_random(40), config('app.key'));
    }

    public function createActivation($user)
    {

        $activation = $this->getActivation($user);

        if (!$activation) {
            return $this->createToken($user);
        }
        return $this->regenerateToken($user);

    }

    private function regenerateToken($user)
    {

        $token = $this->getToken();
        $this->db->table($this->table)->where('user_id', $user->id)->update([
            'token' => $token,
            'created_at' => new Carbon()
        ]);
        return $token;
    }

    private function createToken($user)
    {
        $token = $this->getToken();
        $this->db->table($this->table)->insert([
            'user_id' => $user->id,
            'token' => $token,
            'created_at' => new Carbon()
        ]);
        return $token;
    }

    public function getActivation($user)
    {
        return $this->db->table($this->table)->where('user_id', $user->id)->first();
    }


    public function getActivationByToken($token)
    {
        return $this->db->table($this->table)->where('token', $token)->first();
    }

    public function deleteActivation($token)
    {
        $this->db->table($this->table)->where('token', $token)->delete();
    }

}

ActivationService.php

<?php

namespace App;


use Illuminate\Mail\Mailer;
use Illuminate\Mail\Message;

class ActivationService
{

    protected $mailer;

    protected $activationRepo;

    protected $resendAfter = 24;

    public function __construct(Mailer $mailer, ActivationRepository $activationRepo)
    {
        $this->mailer = $mailer;
        $this->activationRepo = $activationRepo;
    }

    public function sendActivationMail($user)
    {

        if ($user->activated || !$this->shouldSend($user)) {
            return;
        }

        $token = $this->activationRepo->createActivation($user);

        $link = route('user.activate', $token);
        $message = sprintf('Activate account <a href="%s">%s</a>', $link, $link);

        $this->mailer->raw($message, function (Message $m) use ($user) {
            $m->to($user->email)->subject('Activation mail');
        });


    }

    public function activateUser($token)
    {
        $activation = $this->activationRepo->getActivationByToken($token);

        if ($activation === null) {
            return null;
        }

        $user = User::find($activation->user_id);

        $user->activated = true;

        $user->save();

        $this->activationRepo->deleteActivation($token);

        return $user;

    }

    private function shouldSend($user)
    {
        $activation = $this->activationRepo->getActivation($user);
        return $activation === null || strtotime($activation->created_at) + 60 * 60 * $this->resendAfter < time();
    }

}

RegisterController.php

<?php

namespace App\Http\Controllers\Auth;

use App\User;
use Validator;
use App\Http\Controllers\Controller;
use Illuminate\Foundation\Auth\RegistersUsers;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
use App\ActivationService;


class RegisterController extends Controller
{

    protected $activationService;

    use RegistersUsers;

    protected $redirectTo = '/home';

    public function __construct(ActivationService $activationService) 
    {
        //$this->middleware('guest');
        $this->middleware('guest', ['except' => 'logout']);
        $this->activationService = $activationService;
    }

    protected function validator(array $data)
    {
        return Validator::make($data, [
            'name' => 'required|min:4|max:255',
            'email' => 'required|email|max:255|unique:users',
            'password' => 'required|min:8|max:50|confirmed',
            'g-recaptcha-response' => 'required|captcha',
            'terms' => 'required',
        ]);
    }

    protected function create(array $data)
    {
        return User::create([
            'name' => $data['name'],
            'email' => $data['email'],
            'password' => bcrypt($data['password']),
        ]);
    }

    public function register(Request $request)
    {
        $validator = $this->validator($request->all());

        if ($validator->fails()) {
            $this->throwValidationException(
                $request, $validator
            );
        }

        $user = $this->create($request->all());

        $this->activationService->sendActivationMail($user);

        return redirect('/login')->with('status', 'We sent you an activation code. Check your email.');
    }
    public function authenticated(Request $request, $user)
    {
        if (!$user->activated) {
           $this->activationService->sendActivationMail($user);
           auth()->logout();
           return back()->with('warning', 'You need to confirm your account. We have sent you an activation code, please check your email.');
         }
    return redirect()->intended($this->redirectPath());
    }

}