Passing data like that should work, and if updating using eloquent proper bindings are taken care of, thus no sql injection.
Quote from docs:
The Laravel query builder uses PDO parameter binding to protect your application against SQL injection attacks. There is no need to clean strings being passed as bindings.
https://laravel.com/docs/5.8/queries
NEVER send password in a query string. I.e., always use POST for updating sensitive data.