This is pretty straightforward, as you're only counting the tags once they appear in the article_tag (otherwise they wouldn't exist). I'm assuming you are using Laravel 5.1. Please do say so if you're not.
So, first of all you could get a list of all Tag IDs by using:
Tag::lists('id')->all(); // This will return an array: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] etc
Then, you can query the article_tag table with the IDs you've just got:
(just had to take a call, will update this when I'm back.)